Thursday, May 7, 2009

US swine flu victims had chronic health problems By MIKE STOBBE – 7 hours ago ATLANTA (AP) — Health officials have released details about the chroni

US swine flu victims had chronic health problems
By MIKE STOBBE – 7 hours ago ATLANTA (AP) — Health officials have released details about the chroni

With mostly mild cases of swine flu in the United States, swine flu fears are lessening. But viruses have a way of re-appearing. While nobody has a crystal ball, here are some thoughts about what the 2009 H1N1 virus might do in the months to come.

Don't pack your face masks just yet. Public health officials expect the 2009 H1N1 virus to linger a while.

1. Is the swine flu outbreak in the United States winding down?

Not yet. Health officials expect to see more cases.

However, there are two reasons to think the 2009 H1N1 outbreak will wind down in the coming weeks. First, cases of influenza tend to dwindle when the weather gets warmer. Second, the 2009 H1N1 virus outbreak in Mexico has reached its peak, and numbers there are going down. It is expected that same pattern could happen in the United States. For the latest information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, click here. Look at a map of swine flu cases »

2. So does this mean 2009 H1N1 will be gone for good?

No. Andrew Pekosz, associate professor of immunology and microbiology at Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, says it's important to keep in mind that the 2009 H1N1 virus is new, which means no one has immunity to it. He points out that the three outbreaks in the last century that were caused by new viruses -- in 1918, 1957 and 1968 -- started with a mild wave followed by more severe waves months later. Scientists dig for lessons from past pandemics

3. If swine flu comes back, when would it return?

"H1N1 flu could die down soon and return later again this fall when the flu season enters back in full swing," says Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano. "This is always a concern with a new strain of a flu virus." Watch more answers to your swine flu questions »

Napolitano adds that public health officials will be keeping a close eye on the Southern Hemisphere, where flu season starts soon. "We'll be working very closely with the international community to understand what happens to this virus over the next few months as flu season begins in the Southern Hemisphere," she says. "That will tell us a lot about whether the virus is changing, whether it's becoming more severe and what measures we might want to take in the fall." For the latest comments from Napolitano, click here.

US swine flu victims had chronic health problems

US swine flu victims had chronic health problems
By MIKE STOBBE – 7 hours ago

ATLANTA (AP) — Health officials have released details about the chronic health problems suffered by the two people who died from swine flu in the United States. The Mexican toddler who died in Texas suffered from chronic muscle weakness, a heart defect, a swallowing problem and lack of oxygen. The 33-year-old Texas woman had asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, a skin condition and was 35 weeks pregnant.

The details were included in a study done by scientists at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that was released Thursday by the New England Journal of Medicine.

The elderly, young children and people with chronic illnesses are at greatest risk for severe illness from the flu.

Wednesday, May 6, 2009

H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu)

Site last updated May 6, 2009, 11:00 AM E

More images

The ongoing outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1) continues to expand in the United States. CDC expects that more cases, more hospitalizations and more deaths from this outbreak will occur over the coming days and weeks.

CDC continues to take aggressive action to respond to the expanding outbreak. CDC’s response goals are to reduce spread and illness severity, and provide information to help health care providers, public health officials and the public address the challenges posed by this emergency.

CDC is issuing updated interim guidance daily in response to the rapidly evolving situation.

School Guidance

This includes updated interim guidance for schools and childcare facilities on preventing the spread of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. At this time, CDC recommends the primary means to reduce spread of influenza in schools focus on early identification of ill students and staff, staying home when sick, and good cough etiquette and frequent hand washing. Decisions about school closure should be at the discretion of local authorities based on local considerations.

Increased Testing

CDC has developed a PCR diagnostic test kit to detect this novel H1N1 virus and has now distributed test kits to all states in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. The test kits are being shipped internationally as well. This will allow states and other countries to test for this new virus. This increase in testing capacity is likely to result in an increase in the number of reported confirmed cases in this country, which should provide a more accurate picture of the burden of disease in the

Saturday, April 18, 2009

Questions and Answers about Arthritis and Exercise

What Type of Strengthening Program Is Best?

Date updated: August 23, 2007
Content provided by: National Institutes Of Health

This varies depending on personal preference, the type of arthritis involved, and how active the inflammation is. Strengthening one's muscles can help take the burden off painful joints. Strength training can be done with small free weights, exercise machines, isometrics, elastic bands, and resistive water exercises. Correct positioning is critical, because if done incorrectly, strengthening exercises can cause muscle tears, more pain, and more joint swelling.

Are There Different Exercises for People With Different Types of Arthritis?

There are many types of arthritis. Experienced doctors, physical therapists, and occupational therapists can recommend exercises that are particularly helpful for a specific type of arthritis. Doctors and therapists also know specific exercises for particularly painful joints. There may be exercises that are off-limits for people with a particular type of arthritis or when joints are swollen and inflamed. People with arthritis should discuss their exercise plans with a doctor. Doctors who treat people with arthritis include rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, general practitioners, family doctors, internists, and rehabilitation specialists (physiatrists).

How Much Exercise Is Too Much?

Most experts agree that if exercise causes pain that lasts for more than 1 hour, it is too strenuous. People with arthritis should work with their physical therapist or doctor to adjust their exercise program when they notice any of the following signs of strenuous exercise:

Unusual or persistent fatigue
Increased weakness
Decreased range of motion
Increased joint swelling
Continuing pain (pain that lasts more than 1 hour after exercising)

Should Someone With Rheumatoid Arthritis Continue To Exercise During a General Flare? How About During a Local Joint Flare?

It is appropriate to put joints gently through their full range of motion once a day, with periods of rest, during acute systemic flares or local joint flares. Patients can talk to their doctor about how much rest is best during general or joint flares.

Fitness | Exercise

Muscle strengthening with free weights

In the following exercises, soup cans, water bottles, or books can be used in place of weights. Try to use a weight that makes your muscle feel tired when you have repeated the exercise 8 to 12 times.

Bench fly

Illustration of the bench fly exercise.

Lie on a bench and hold the weights straight up over your chest. Do not lock your elbows. You can keep them slightly bent if that is comfortable for you.
Slowly lower your arms, keeping them extended, until the weights are level with your chest, or slightly lower.
Slowly raise your arms until you are in the original position.
Repeat 8 to 12 times.
Rest for a minute and repeat the exercise.

Lateral raise

Illustration of the lateral raise exercise.

Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and your knees slightly bent.
Hold the weights at your sides at thigh level.
Slowly lift the weights out to the sides to shoulder level, keeping your elbows slightly bent. Keep your shoulders down and relaxed as you lift. If you find you are shrugging your shoulders up toward your ears, your weights may be too heavy.
Slowly lower the weights back to your sides.
Repeat 8 to 12 times.
Rest for a minute and repeat the exercise.

Upright row

Illustration of the upright row exercise.

Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and your knees slightly bent.
Hold the weights side by side at thigh level, keeping your palms toward your thighs.
Slowly bring the weights up to your collarbone, until your elbows are about shoulder height. Keep your shoulders down and relaxed as you lift. If you find you are shrugging your shoulders up toward your ears, your weights may be too heavy.
Slowly lower the weights to the original position.
Repeat 8 to 12 times.
Rest for a minute and repeat the exercise.

Curls

Illustration of the curls exercise.

Sit leaning forward with your legs slightly spread and your left hand on your left thigh.
Hold the weight in your right hand and place your right elbow on your right thigh.
Slowly curl the weight up and toward your chest.
Repeat 8 to 12 times.
Rest for a minute and repeat the exercise.
Do the same exercise with your other arm.

Skin Protection

Sun protection

Protecting your skin from the sun is important because the sun emits ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Over time, UVR exposure causes many changes in the skin, including wrinkles, discoloration, freckles or age spots, benign (non-cancerous) growths, and precancerous or cancerous areas. In fact, most skin cancers are related to sun exposure.

UVR consists of two main subtypes: UVB and UVA. UVB rays are responsible for sunburns and tanning. UVA rays are believed to be responsible for photoaging the damage that occurs to the skin from many years of exposure to the sun. Both UVA and UVB promote skin cancer. Regular use of broad spectrum sunscreens blocking UVA and UVB is very, very important. Additionally, sun protection recommendations emphasize certain behaviors including:

Avoiding midday sun between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.
Wearing wide-brimmed hats and long sleeved shirts and pants
Using a generous amount of sunscreen and reapplying it frequently (every 2-3 hours)
Using sunscreens that have a sun protection factor (SPF) greater than 15 and that have UVA and UVB coverage
Avoiding tanning beds
Incorporating the use of a daily facial moisturizer with an SPF of 15 or higher each morning

Facial skin care for acne prone skin
If you are prone to acne, choose a cleanser specially formulated for acne. These products often contain salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide, which help to clear acne sores. Clean your face gently, as trauma to the acne breakouts may worsen the acne or cause scarring. Try to minimize your use of facial moisturizers. If you need to use a moisturizer, use only light, non-comedogenic moisturizers, which do not aggravate acne. Also, women should use an oil-free foundation, as heavy makeup or other cosmetic products that block pores may cause a flare-up of acne.

Facial skin care for mature skin
Roughness, wrinkling, irregular pigmentation (coloration), inelasticity, enlarged sebaceous (oil) glands, precancerous and cancerous lesions sometimes occur with aged and photoaged skin. Sunscreens and sun protection are important to prevent further progression of photoaging. Furthermore, smoking has been shown to accelerate aging of skin, so stopping smoking is important for good skin health. In addition, a well-balanced diet with or without a multivitamin helps the skin get the nutrition it needs to help repair ongoing damage from the sun and other environmental elements. Many topical non-prescription and prescription products are currently available for anti-aging purposes, including:

Tretinoin (Retin-A and Renova) Retin-A is a prescription medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971 to treat acne. It was discovered, however, that the drug also improved skin texture and color when used over an extended period of time. Tretinoin exfoliates (removes a layer of skin cells) the skin, helps even out pigmentation and minimizes fine lines. Many people can benefit from using tretinoin or related products at bedtime followed by a cream or lotion containing glycolic acid and using a sunscreen in the morning. Side effects of tretinoin include redness, peeling, tightness and swelling. You may be able to minimize these side effects by initially using tretinoin every other night and then over the first month gradually increasing the frequency to nightly. Tretinoin also makes the skin more sensitive to ultraviolet rays from the sun. Therefore, a broad-spectrum sunscreen must be used in the morning.

Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) Over-the-counter products containing alpha hydroxy acids (glycolic, lactic, tartaric and citric acids) have become increasingly popular over the last five years. In the United States alone, there are approximately 185 manufacturers of products containing AHAs. Creams and lotions with AHA may help with fine lines, irregular pigmentation and age spots, and may help decrease enlarged pores. Side effects of AHAs include mild irritation and sun sensitivity For that reason, sunscreen also should be used every morning.

Beta hydroxy acid (salicylic acid) Salicylic acid also has been studied for its effect on photoaged skin. It exfoliates skin and can improve the texture and color of the skin. It penetrates oil-laden hair follicle openings and, as a result, also helps with acne. There are many products available that contain salicyclic acid. Some are available over-the-counter and others require a doctor's prescription.

Hydroquinone Hydroquinone is a bleaching agent that is used to remove hyperpigmentation, such as age spots and dark spots related to pregnancy or hormone therapy.

Basic Skin Care Tips

Dry skin care

Dry skin is defined as flaking or scaling which may or may not be itchy when there is no evidence of dermatitis, or inflammation, of the skin. Flaking, however, also may be a sign of underlying dermatitis requiring more specific therapy and potentially prescription medicines. Some examples of dermatitis that may cause dry, itchy, flaking skin include:

Seborrheic dermatitis This type involves a red, scaly, itchy rash on various areas of the body, particularly those areas that contain many oil glands. Seborrheic dermatitis can occur as scaling on the scalp, eyebrows, and sides of the nose.
Allergic contact dermatitis This occurs when the skin comes into contact with a substance that causes an immune reaction, such as poison ivy. Allergic contact dermatitis of the hands often causes scaling on the fingers. This type of dermatitis persists until the underlying allergen is removed.
Atopic dermatitis This is a long-lasting type of dermatitis that often runs in families. It also may cause excessively dry, itchy skin.
"Ringworm" and athlete's foot Both are caused by a fungal infection of the skin. Scaling of the affected area is very common.

Dry skin that is not caused by dermatitis most often occurs on the shins, hands, and sides of the abdomen. It is more common during the winter months, when humidity is low.

Some people also have a genetic, or hereditary, tendency to develop dry skin. In addition, elderly people tend to have more trouble with dry skin due to the natural changes in skin that occur with age.

Treatment is important because extensively dry skin can lead to dermatitis, or eczema. Dry skin may be prevented or treated by:

Taking lukewarm baths or showers
Limiting baths/showers to 5 to 10 minutes
Applying a moisturizer right after drying off from a shower or washing your hands
Using a moisturizing body soap and hand soap
Using heavier creams or ointments during the winter months and lighter lotions in the summer

Applying a moisturizer several times a day, if necessary, is the most important part of maintaining dermatitis-prone skin and avoiding the need for prescription medicines.

Nail care tips

No nail care product alone can give you healthy nails. But following these simple guidelines can help you keep your nails looking their best:

Don't abuse your nails. To prevent nail damage, don't use your fingernails as tools to pick, poke or pry things.
Don't bite your nails or pick at your cuticles. These habits can damage the nail bed. Even a minor cut alongside your nail can allow bacteria or fungi to enter and cause an infection (paronychia). Because your nails grow slowly, an injured nail retains signs of an injury for several months.
Protect your nails. Wear cotton-lined rubber gloves when using soap and water for prolonged periods or when using harsh chemicals.
Perform routine nail maintenance. Trim fingernails and clean under the nails regularly. Use a sharp manicure scissors or clippers and an emery board to smooth nail edges. Never pull off hangnails - doing so almost always results in ripping living tissue. Instead clip hangnails off, leaving a slight angle outward.
Moisturize your nails frequently. Nails need moisture just like your skin does. Rub lotion into your nails when moisturizing your hands. Be sure to apply a moisturizer after removing fingernail polish.

Special considerations: Manicures and weak nails

If you rely on manicures to make your nails look good, keep a few things in mind. Don't have your cuticles removed - it can lead to nail infection. Also, check to be sure that your nail technician properly sterilizes all tools used during your manicure. Using unsterilized tools may transmit viral infections, such as hepatitis B or warts.

Weak or brittle fingernails can be a challenge to toughen up. The following tips can help you protect them, making your nails less likely to split or break.

Keep your nails short, square shaped and slightly rounded on top. Trim brittle nails after a bath or a 15-minute hand soak in bath oil. Then apply a moisturizer.
Moisturize your nails and cuticles at bedtime and cover them with cotton gloves.
Apply a nail hardener, but avoid products containing toluene sulfonamide or formaldehyde. These chemicals can cause redness or irritate the skin.
Don't use nail polish remover more than twice a month. Instead, touch up the polish. When you do need a remover, avoid those that use acetone, which dries nails.
Repair splits or tears with nail glue or clear polish.

Dietary changes that supposedly strengthen nails don't work. Unless you're deficient in protein - rare among people in the United States - adding protein or calcium to your diet won't strengthen your nails. Similarly, soaking your nails in gelatin won't help either.

It's easy to neglect your nails. But a little basic nail care can go a long way to keeping your nails in healthy condition.

Anatomy of a healthy fingernail

This illustration shows components of a healthy fingernail.

Your nails are composed of laminated layers of a protein called keratin, which is also found in your hair and skin. Each nail comprises several parts, including the:

Nail plate. The nail plate is the part of your nail that's most visible - the hard portion you see when you look at your fingernail.
Nail folds. This is skin that frames each of your nail plates on three sides.
Nail bed. Your nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. Cells at the base of your nail bed produce the fingernail or toenail plate and are responsible for holding on to the nail plate.
Cuticle. Your cuticle is the tissue that overlaps your nail plate at the base of your nail. It protects the new keratin cells that slowly emerge from the nail bed.
Lunula. The lunula is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of your nail underneath the plate.

Your nails grow from the area under your cuticle (matrix), located at the base of the nail. As new cells grow, older cells become hard and compacted and are eventually pushed out toward your fingertips. Nails grow about 0.1 millimeter a day, which means that it takes a fingernail about four to six months to fully regenerate. Toenails may grow at a slightly slower rate. Healthy nails are smooth, without ridges or grooves. They're uniform in color and consistency and free of spots or discoloration.

Common nail conditions: Reading the signs

Some nail conditions are harmless. These include vertical ridges, which may become more pronounced as you age, and white lines or spots. Spots usually result from injury to the nail plate or nail bed. In time the white spots will grow out.

Other nail conditions can indicate disease. For example, yellow discoloration in your nails may result from a respiratory condition, such as chronic bronchitis, or from swelling of your hands (lymphedema) or from yeast or bacterial infection beneath the nail. If your nail pulls away from the nail bed, it could indicate psoriasis or intolerance to certain medications. Indentations that run across your nails, called Beau's lines, appear when growth at the area under your cuticle is interrupted. This might occur because of an injury or severe illness.

If you have a nail problem that persists or is associated with other signs and symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor to get it checked out. The doctor's visit typically includes an examination of your nails along with other observations and tests to make a diagnosis.

Vertical nail ridges, which run from the cuticle to the tip of the nail, are fairly common. These ridges typically become more prominent with age. Vertical ridging doesn't indicate serious illness.

Nails: How to keep your fingernails healthy and strong

Date updated: November 30, 2007
Content provided by MayoClinic.com

Your nails may be small but they play an important role, serving to help protect your fingers and improve dexterity. They may also reveal clues to your general health.

Take a close look at your nails. Are they strong and healthy looking? Or do you see ridges, dents or areas of unusual color or shape? Many less than desirable nail conditions can be avoided through proper care, but some actually indicate an illness that requires attention.

Monday, April 6, 2009

Moth Health

Mouth

Cranberries Give Everyone Something To Smile About

We know what you’re thinking, cranberries could help my teeth? Sounds crazy, but it’s true. Your mouth is one place where the anti-stick power of cranberry may one day come in handy by helping to reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth. Laboratory studies have suggested that cranberries may keep certain oral bacteria from attaching to teeth and gum surfaces(1-6). Less bacteria could potentially keep gums healthy and slow the development of plaque and cavities. We’re not suggesting changing your mouthwash, but incorporating cranberry into oral care products may one day be a natural way to promote dental health. Also, keep in mind that cranberries are no substitute for regular dental care and check-ups. Always be sure to visit your dentist twice a year and brush and floss regularly.

1. Weiss EI, Kozlovsky A, Steinberg D, Lev-Dor R, Bar R, Greenstein N, Feldman M, Sharon N, Ofek I. A high molecular mass cranberry constituent reduces mutans streptococci level in saliva and inhibits in vitro adhesion to hydroxyapatite. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2006;11406:1-4..

2. Wu CD, Zhu M, Turner A, Paul GF, Farnsworth NR. Cranberry extracts inhibit growth/viability of oral pathogens and biofilms Presented at IADR 2004; 0746.

3. Chen L, Heber D, Hardy M, Seeram N, Henig S, Leahy M, Wolinsky L, Qi F, Shi W. Inhibitory effects of Cranberry on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Presented at IADR 2004; 2918.

4. Yamanaka A, Kimizuka R, Kato T, Okuda K. Inhibitory effects of cranberry juice on attachment of oral streptococci and biofilm formation. Journal of Oral Microbiol Immunology 2004; 19(3):150-154.

5. Steinberg D, Feldman M, Ofek I, Weiss EI. Effect of a high-molecular-weight component of cranberry on constituents of dental biofilm. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2004; 1093-1096.

6. Labrecque J, Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Effects of a high-molecular-weight cranberry fraction on growth, biofilm formation and adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Aug;58(2):439-43. Epub 2006 May 30.

Grapefruit Health

Whether you enjoy it fresh from its golden skin or straight from a glass, there's nothing quite like the invigorating taste and healthy goodness of grapefruit.

Just half a grapefruit provides a full day's supply of vitamin C and is a good source of fiber and vitamin A. Wholesome, fiber-rich, water-filled foods like fresh grapefruit have an additional benefit-they fill you up for a longer time with fewer calories than many snacks. Fresh grapefruit also contains pectin, a soluble dietary fiber contained in the juice sac walls and white membranes, so make sure you eat these parts as well.

If you enjoy the goodness of grapefruit from a glass, you'll be glad to know that Ocean Spray® 100% Grapefruit Juices have no added sugar, are naturally fat-free and cholesterol-free for a healthy heart and just one 8 oz. glass gives you 100% of the antioxidant Vitamin C and meets half your daily fruit needs.* So go ahead and raise a glass to good health.

For the latest info on grapefruit health and nutrition, visit the Florida Department of citrus at www.floridajuice.com. The FDOC is an independent non-profit organization and is solely responsible for the content of their website.

Urinary Tract Health

Urinary Tract

Folklore, Wive’s Tales & Other Truths

Turns out the old home remedy is true. Cranberries can help keep your urinary tract healthy. Naturally, too. Urinary tract health isn’t something most women spend a lot of time thinking about. That is, until they experience the pain, discomfort and inconvenience first hand when the urinary tract is upset. It’s not fun. Did you know half of all women will have at least one urinary tract infection (UTI) in her lifetime? In fact, an estimated 50 million cases are treated every year--with an estimated $1 billion dollars in healthcare costs. It’s also one of the leading causes of missed work for women. UTI’s are just plain bad news. But thanks to the unique PACs in cranberries, you can minimize your chances of urinary tract problems.

Here’s why the folklore is true: A urinary tract infection is caused when E. coli bacteria attach themselves to the walls of the bladder and multiply, causing redness, swelling and pain. Research suggests that the PACs in cranberries make it difficult for certain bacteria, even some nasty antibiotic resistant bacteria, from adhering to the bladder wall. The bacteria are harmlessly flushed out of the body(1,2,3).

Research shows drinking Cranberry Juice Cocktail daily can promote urinary tract health(4-11). The benefits of Cranberry Juice Cocktail start within two hours and can last up to ten hours(12). That means one serving (8 oz.) of Cranberry Juice Cockail in the morning and one at night may better help keep certain harmful bacteria at bay all day. Bye, bye bacteria. Hello healthy urinary tract.

But remember, while Cranberry Juice Cocktail can be an effective part of a wellness routine it should not be used as a treatment for infection. If you suspect you have an infection, consult a healthcare professional.

1.Ofek I, Goldhar J, Zafriri D, Lis H, Adar R, Sharon N. Anti-Escherichia coli adhesion activity of cranberry and blueberry juices. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324:1599.

2.Howell AB, Vorsa N, Marderosian AD, Foo LY. Inhibition of the adherence of p-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial-cell surfaces by proanthocyanidin extracts from cranberries. New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 339:1085.

3. . Howell AB, Leahy M, Kurowska E, Guthrie N. In vivo evidence that cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit adherence of p-fimbriated E. coli bacteria to uroepithelial cells. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 2001; 15:A284.

4.Sobota AE. Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Journal of Urology 1984; 131:1013-1016.

5.Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994; 271:751-754.

6. Walker EB, Barney DP, Mickerlsen JN, Walton RJ, Mickelsen RAJr. Cranberry concentrate: UTI prophylaxis. Journal of Family Practice 1997; 45:167-168.

7. Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, Pokka T, Koskela M, Uhari M. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. British Medical Journal 2001; 322:1571-1575.

8. Stothers L. A randomized trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection in women. Canadian Journal of Urology 2002; 9:1558-1562.

9. Howell AB, Foxman B. Cranberry juice and adhesion of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 287:3082-3083.

10. Kontiokari T, Laitinen J, Jarvi L, Pokka T, Sundqvist K, Uhari M. Dietary factors protecting women from urinary tract infection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003; 77:600-604.

11. Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Library 2004; 1:1-19.

12. Howell AB, Reed JD, McEniry B, Krueger CG, Cunningham DG. A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins and uropathogenic bacterial anti-adhesion activity, Phytochemistry 2005; 66: 2281-91.

Additional Research References

Greenberg JA, Newmann SJ, Howell AB. Consumuption of sweetened dried cranberries versus unsweetened raisins for inhibition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesion in human urine: a pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2005; 11: 875-878.

Foxman B, Geiger AM, Palin K, Gillespie B, Koopman JS. First-time urinary tract infection and sexual behavior. Epidemiology 1995; 6:162-168.

Dignam RR, Ahmed M, Kelly KG, Kenman SJ, Zayon M, Kleban M. The effect of cranberry juice on urinary tract infection rates in a long-term care facility. Annals of Long-Term Care 1998;6:163-167.

Henig YS, Leahy MM. Cranberry juice and urinary tract health: Science supports folklore. Nutrition 2000; 16:684-687.

Fagelman FC. Cranberry juice and urinary tract infections: what is the evidence? Urology 2001; 57:407-413.

Leahy M, Roderick R, Brilliant K. The cranberry – promising health benefits, old and new. Nutrition Today 2001; 36:254-265.

Manges AR, Johnson JR, Foxman B, O’Bryan TT, Fullerton KE, Riley LW. Widespread distribution of urinary tract infections caused by a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clonal group. New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345:1007-1013.

Stamm WE. An epidemic of urinary tract infections. New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 345:1055-1057

Santillo VM, Lowe FC. Cranberry juice for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Drugs Today 2007; 43(1):47-54.

Bone Health

Bones

Cranberry Juice Cocktail with Calcium: Drink it until the cows come home

What would your bones be without calcium? Well, not much, considering calcium is responsible for about 70 percent of bone by weight and gives your bones their strength and rigidity. It also helps your nerves, muscles and heart function properly. It even helps your blood clot. Your body needs calcium. Especially your bones. It’s that simple. Most people think milk, when they think of calcium. But did you know one serving of Ocean Spray Cranberry Juice Cocktail with Calcium contains 10% of your recommended Daily Value of calcium? It’s true. So keep your bones happy. And give your tastes buds a break from milk. Drink Cranberry Juice with Calcium and get all the benefits of cranberries with the extra added bonus of calcium.

Heart Health

Heart

Cranberry: A berry after your own heart.

Did you know 60 million Americans suffer from some sort of heart disease? That’s about 1 in 4 adults. And there’s more troubling news: cardiovascular diseases are the number one killer of both men and women in the U.S. Which is why it’s so important for each of us to protect our hearts as best we can. The good news: preliminary research suggests that cranberries can help.

The antioxidants found in cranberries may help the body defend itself against free radical damage. In fact, laboratory studies show that cranberries can inhibit oxidation of low-density cholesterol, which is thought to be one way cholesterol becomes sticky, allowing it to attach to the blood vessel wall.(1-3) One small, preliminary study also found the same beneficial effect in humans after consumption of cranberry juice.(4) Organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control also recognize that diets high in fruits and vegetables, which are rich in fiber and natural antioxidants, are helpful in reducing the risk to chronic diseases, including heart disease.(5,6)

Isn’t it amazing that such a little berry can have such big health benefits? And there’s more. Emerging research suggests that cranberries may promote heart health in many ways.(7) One preliminary lab study suggests that a serving of cranberry juice cocktail may be as good for the heart as a glass of red wine.(3) And without the alcohol, so the whole family can enjoy the benefits. In test tube studies, scientists investigated cranberry juice cocktail, and 2 red wines, and found that serving for serving, cranberry juice cocktail was similarly effective to the red wines in modifying that activity of an enzyme that supports heart health. Studies also suggest that cranberry may promote heart health in other ways.(8) And, a clinical study reported that cranberry juice cocktail was beneficial to markers of heart health.(9) But remember, while cranberries can be a part of your overall heart health, they are no substitute for regular check-ups with your doctor.

1. Wilson T, Porcari JP, Harbin D. Cranberry Extract Inhibits Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation. Life Sciences 1998; 62(24):381-386.

2. Porter ML, Krueger CG, Wiebe DA, Cunningham DG, Reed JD. Cranberry proanthocyanidins associate with low-density lipoprotein and inhibit in vitro Cu2+-induced oxidation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2001; 81:1306-1313.

3. Chu Y-F, Liu RH. Cranberries inhibit LDL oxidation and induce LDL receptor expression in hepatocytes. Life Sciences 2005; 77(15):1892-1901.

4. Ruel G, Pomerleau S, Couture P, Lamarche B, Couillard C. Changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels in men after short-term cranberry juice consumption. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 2005; 54:856-861.

5. http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/.

6http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyone
/fruits_vegetables/index.htm

7. Reed JD. Cranberry Flavonoids, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2002; 42:301-316.

8. Corder R. Anti-atherosclerotic potential of cranberry juice and red wine: comparable inhibition of endothelin-1 synthesis by cultered endothelial cells. American Chemical Society National Meeting 2004.

9. Maher MA, Mataczynski H, Stefaniak HM, Wilson T. Cranberry Juice Induces Nitric Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation In Vitro and Its Infusion Transiently Reduces Blood Pressure in Anesthetized Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food 2000; 3:141-147.

10. Ruel G, Pomerleau S, Couture P, Lemieux S, Lamarche B, Couillard C. Favourable impact of low-calorie cranberry juice consumption on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in men. British Journal of Nutrition 2006; 96:357-364.

Stomach Health

Stomach

Keep Your Stomach From Grumbling

Full, empty, aching or laughing until it hurts, the best way to keep a stomach happy is to keep it healthy. A lot of people think stomach ulcers are only caused by spicy foods or stress, but in fact, the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been implicated as a cause of many stomach ulcers. And guess what? Cranberry may help. It’s the Wonderberry at work again.

Here’s how: Emerging research suggests that cranberry’s “anti-stick” properties can also keep H. pylori from sticking to stomach cells.(1-3) Cranberry juice may help keep your stomach healthy so these bacteria can’t stick to your stomach wall.(4) The bacteria just can’t get a good grip.

So make cranberries a part of your daily diet and have regular check-ups with your doctor.

1. Burger O, Itzhak O, Tabak M, Weiss EI, Sharon N, Neeman I. A high molecular mass constituent of cranberry juice inhibits Helicobacter pylori adhesion to human gastric musus. Federation of European Microbiological Societies 2000; 29:295-301.

2. Xiao SD and Shi T. Is cranberry juice effective in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori Infection of mice? Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 2003; 4:136-139.

3. Shmuely H, Burger O, Neeman I, Yahav J, Samra Z, Niv Y, Sharon N, Weiss E, Athamna A, Tabak M, Ofek I. Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates to the antiadhesion activity of a high-molecular-weight constituent of cranberry. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2004; 50:231-235.

4. Zhang L, Ma J, Pan K, Go V, Chen J, You W. Efficacy of Cranberry Juice on Helicobacter pylori Infection: a Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Helicobacter 2005; 10:139-145.

Tuesday, March 31, 2009

Your Health and Your Eyes

Eye exams are the best way to ensure healthy vision for you and your family. But, there are some behaviors that you can perform everyday to make your eyes, and your whole body, healthier. The information below can help you if you decide you want to take some small steps towards a lifetime of healthy vision.

Smoking
Cigarette smoke enhances oxidants, which are the chemical byproducts in the body that can damage cells, including those in the eyes. There are strong links between several diseases of the eye and smoking. In fact, smokers have double the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared to those who do not smoke. The millions of people who have AMD ,or the signs that appear before the disease is diagnosed, need to be aware that smoking is a major risk for this disease. Smoking can cause severe vision loss, even for passive smokers. This is why eye exams are so important for people that smoke. If you are interested in learning more about how to quit smoking, visit www.becomeanex.org to re-learn life without cigarettes.

Antioxidants
According to the American Dietetic Association, antioxidants are dietary substances including some nutrients that can prevent damage to your body cells or repair damage that has been done. Antioxidants can be found in fruits and vegetables, nuts and whole grains. Researchers have found that people who eat less than the recommended daily amount of fruits and vegetables were much more likely to develop cataracts . Visit www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org to discover more reasons to eat fruits and vegetables.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Dark leafy greens and foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (like fish and some nuts) are especially important in preventing vision problems, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). According to a study published in the May 2007 issue of Archives of Ophthalmology, eating fish can decrease the risk of developing AMD by as much as forty percent.

Exercise
Working out can help you lose weight as well as reduce harmful inflammation throughout the body, even in your eyes. A recent study found that people who maintained an active lifestyle were 70 percent less likely to develop age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent studies have found significant evidence that links obesity to several other major eye diseases that cause blindness, including cataracts, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. If you are new to exercise, you may want to read The American Heart Association’s ‘Top 10 Tips for Starting a Physical Activity Program’.

Blood Pressure
Hypertension (high blood pressure) can affect your eyesight and cause eye disease. Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly and reducing sodium intake can help you maintain healthy blood pressure levels.

*All content on this page has been approved by The Better Vision Institute – the medical advisory panel of The Vision Council.

Eye Exams

Many people put vision care at the top of their list and say that sight is their most important sense. But, a lot of people have never had an eye exam. If you’ve never had an exam, or it has been a long time, the information below will give you an idea of what to expect.

Medical History

Your doctor will ask for information about your vision, the medications you take, your personal health history, and your family's health history (i.e. is there a history of diabetes, glaucoma or hypertension?). Visit https://familyhistory.gov/ or https://familyhistory.gov/spanish to learn how to collect your complete family health history.

Eye Tests

Visual systems
Your eye doctor will perform a number of tests on the internal and external parts of your eyes using several different medical instruments. The purpose is to examine the retina, optic nerve, muscles, cornea, blood vessels, pupils, lens, iris, conjunctiva, eyelids and eyelashes.

During this stage, the doctor will perform the Fundus Evaluation, which examines the interior of the eye, specifically the retina . This procedure can detect vision problems like cataracts and glaucoma , as well as diabetes, high blood pressure and brain disorders. The doctor will also look at your eye muscles at this time, checking their ability to rotate and coordinate properly. Your eye doctor will probably want to dilate your eyes at this stage. When your eyes are dilated, your pupils enlarge, making them easier to examine.

Refractive
This part of the exam consists of many tests to determine your ability to see clearly, focus your eyes and to see whether you need glasses. This is where you read an eye chart at a distance with each eye.

Disposition
At the end of the exam, your eye doctor will make a final diagnosis and determine the treatment plan, if needed. The diagnosis will include the status of your vision and any eye health problems. It will then be determined whether you need any type of corrective eyewear, like eyeglasses.

Scheduling an Eye Exam
Our doctor locator (coming August 2008) can help you find an eye doctor in your area. If you have vision insurance, you will probably want to see a doctor that is in your network.

Vision Insurance

The Vision Council has issued a report, Vision Care: Focusing on the Workplace Benefit, which examines consumer and business perspectives on vision care and trends in vision care coverage. To view a copy of the report, please click here.

*All content on this page has been approved by The Better Vision Institute – the medical advisory panel of The Vision Council.

Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a very real problem for many people who spend hours daily in front of a computer screen.

Sometimes, simply rearranging your work environment to create better ergonomics is all you may need to do to reduce eye strain and other vision problems related to CVS. In some cases, a good pair of computer eyeglasses may help you see better at just the right distance range needed for viewing a computer screen.

Computer Eye Strain: 10 Steps for Relief
How to find a computer vision specialist, minimize glare, adjust your monitor, and cope with symptoms such as eye strain, eye fatigue, dry eyes, light sensitivity, blurred vision, headaches and more.

FAQ About Computer Vision Syndrome and Computer Glasses
Expert answers to frequently asked questions about computer vision syndrome and eyeglasses that can increase your comfort and productivity when working at a computer.

NEW: Worker Productivity and Computer Vision Syndrome
If you are a computer worker or employer, you may be interested in studies showing that computer glasses or other appropriate vision correction can significantly increase on-the-job productivity.

More About Computer Eyeglasses
Various lens designs and how they can solve computer vision problems.

Children and Computer Vision Syndrome
Your kids may need computer eyewear, too. Read more about how computer use is affecting the eyes of children and teens, and why your child should be examined by a computer vision specialist.

Computer-Related Aches and Pains
A poor ergonomic set-up could be contributing to your computer vision problems. Here are tips for rearranging your work area so it is more comfortable for you.

Eye Doctor Q&A on Computer Vision Syndrome
Readers sent in these questions, which were answered by our advisory board members.

Self-Test
Take this quiz on computer eye strain and computer vision syndrome to see how much you really know about it.

Consumer Guide to Contact Lenses

Today there are more healthful and convenient contact lens options than ever before. Thinking about contacts? Our contact lens basics article is the place to start. You can also browse types of contact lenses, or read the features below.

Contact Lens Wearing Tips
Learn how to apply and remove contact lenses, as well as what to do to protect your eyes when you wear makeup.

Understanding Your Contact Lens Rx
You need a prescription for contact lenses, even if they're just for looks. Here's what all those numbers and terms mean on the Rx form.

SPONSORED SECTION: Teens & Contacts: What Parents Need To Know
Should your teen wear contact lenses? Read this Q&A to help you decide.

Are Your Contacts Uncomfortable? Here's What to Do
We provide solid advice for your specific symptoms or situation.

Contacts for Hard-to-Fit Eyes
Today almost everyone can wear contacts, but sometimes you need a little extra help.

SPONSORED SECTION: Contact Lens Care Quiz
Find out if you really know how to care for your contact lenses.

Where to Buy Contact Lenses
How can you choose between eye doctors, retail stores and Internet sites? Our buying tips and price charts will help.

Buying Contact Lenses Online
Learn how to get the best price and value when shopping for contacts online.

SPONSORED SECTION: Acuvue Bifocal Contact Lenses
Five invisible, concentric zones allow you to see clearly both near and far.

Caring for Soft Contact Lenses
How to make sense of all the different products, and properly clean and disinfect your contacts. Also: Caring for RGPs, and what you need to know about Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Contact Lenses After LASIK
You might still need specially-designed contact lenses after refractive surgery.

30-Day Contacts: A Smart Alternative to LASIK?
Both eliminate hassle. Compare the safety, effectiveness and cost of contacts and LASIK.

Departments
Contact Lens News & New Products / Eye Doctor Q&A / Contact Lens FAQ

Types of Contact Lenses:

Bifocal Contact Lenses provide clear vision and varying distances
Colored Contact Lenses give your eyes a subtle or dramatic change
Custom Contact Lenses could work for you if other options fail
Disposable Contact Lenses enable a healthier wearing experience
Extended Wear Contact Lenses for safe overnight wear or naps
Gas Permeable (GP) Contact Lenses for the ultimate in crisp vision
Monovision might work for you if bifocal contact lenses don't
Orthokeratology Lenses enable contact lens-free vision during the day
Prosthetic Contact Lenses mask eye injury or disfigurements
Silicone Hydrogel Contacts transmit more oxygen to your eyes
Special-Effect Contact Lenses let you become a leopard or cheetah
Toric Contact Lenses provide good vision if you have astigmatism

About Contact Lenses

Modern contact lenses fall into two categories: soft lenses that are made from water-containing plastics, and GP or "oxygen permeable" rigid contact lenses.

Contact lenses may also be classified by wearing schedule. Daily wear lenses must be removed, cleaned and stored each night, while extended wear contact lenses are made from materials which are safe for sleep. You may also have heard of "continuous wear" contact lenses, a type of extended wear that can be worn for up to 30 days.

Various lens designs are available for different vision problems. Spherical contact lenses correct nearsightedness or farsightedness and are indicated by a minus or plus in your prescription, respectively. Bifocal contact lenses are similar to multifocal eyeglasses in that they use different optical zones to correct presbyopia (the decreased ability see at both near and far distances). Toric contact lenses correct astigmatism, which can accompany either nearsightedness or farsightedness.

All of the contact lenses mentioned above can be custom fabricated for unusual prescriptions, and many other contact lens designs are available as well, including designs for conditions like keratoconus.

Contact Lens Designs

Many lens designs come in colors that can enhance or change your natural eye color. Special-effect contact lenses are also available for novelty use and are used extensively in theatrical and filmed productions. Prosthetic lenses are colored contact lenses that can cosmetically mask eye disfigurement. Many contact lenses come with an embedded UV inhibitor as well.

Which is the Right Contact Lens for You?

First, your contact lenses must correct your vision problem. Second, each lens must properly fit your cornea, so contact lenses come in tens of thousands of parameters, meaning the combination of size, shape and power.

Your eye care practitioner will evaluate your eyes to determine which lens is right for you, and will take into account your special needs such as dry eyes, a desire for color change or the need for overnight wear.

Read an expanded introduction to contact lenses.

Eye Problems and Diseases

This section has complete information on eye and vision problems. Jump down this page to alphabetical lists of:

. . . or begin with these general articles:

Common Eye Disorders
How to identify and deal with everyday eye problems.

Eye Symptoms A to Z
Use our list of almost 100 eye symptoms to learn about the problems and diseases associated with each.

Eye Injury: A Guide to Treatment
Accidents cause many kinds of eye injuries, from corneal scratches to penetrating wounds. What to do for an eye emergency.

Clinical Trials Related to Eye Diseases
Consider participating in a clinical trial for treatment of glaucoma, macular degeneration, blepharitis or other eye problems and diseases.

Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Poor contact lens hygiene often causes this rare but serious eye infection.

Allergies
Itchy, red, swollen, tearing eyes may mean eye allergies. Get tips for relief.

Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Amblyopia usually develops in young children and can mean permanent vision problems if not treated early.

Bell's Palsy
This condition causes sudden paralysis of one side of the face. Because of inability to blink, you may develop severe dry eye.

Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids can cause chronic eye irritation, tearing, foreign body sensation and crusty debris.

Cataracts
If you live long enough, you will eventually have cloudy vision from cataracts. Learn about causes and about cataract surgery, which replaces your eye's natural lens with an artifical one.
See also: Cataract news | FAQ | Eye Doctor Q&A | Congenital cataracts

SPONSORED SECTION: AcrySOF IOL Quiz
Learn about your best intraocular lens options after cataract surgery.

SPONSORED SECTION: AcrySOF IQ Cataract Lens
A cataract lens for better image quality, increased contrast sensitivity and improved functional vision.

SPONSORED SECTION: AcrySOF ReSTOR Cataract Lens
This new lens is giving cataract patients a chance to live free from glasses.

SPONSORED SECTION: AcrySOF Toric Cataract Lens
Now it's possible to correct the cataracts clouding your vision — and the astigmatism distorting your vision — all at once.

NEW: Chalazion
A swollen bump in the eyelid could be a chalazion. Learn about causes and treatments.

Color Blindness
Learn the varieties of color deficiency and how to cope in our color-coded world.

Dry Eye Syndrome
Why eyes get dry. Read about eye drops, tear duct plugs and nutritional supplements for more eye moisture. Ask the dry eye doctor your question. Also read our FAQ on dry eyes and the best contact lenses for them.

NEW: Eye Occlusions (Eye Strokes)
Sudden vision loss can occur when a clot or blockage interrupts blood flow to vital eye structures.

Eye Twitching
Eyelid twitches, tics and spasms are maddening. Here are common causes.

Floaters and Spots
Floaters may be harmless or may signal a serious problem, like a detached retina.

Macular Holes
Suddenly blurry or distorted vision, especially in seniors and diabetics, may mean a macular hole.

Nystagmus
Uncontrollable eye movements from nystagmus often have neurological causes.

Ocular Migraine
Ocular migraine causes a sensation of looking through shattered glass. What's happening?

Photophobia (Light Sensitivity)
Sensitive to light? Many eye conditions can cause this problem.

Pinguecula and Pterygium
Pingueculae and pterygia are growths on the eye. Are they serious?

Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid)
Drooping eyelids can be corrected with blepharoplasty surgery.

Retinal Detachment
Flashes of light and floating spots are classic warning signs of a detached retina — get them checked out ASAP. Also read our Eye Doctor Q&A on retinal problems.

NEW: Sjogren's Syndrome
Dry eye is a common symptom of this autoimmune disorder.

Strabismus
Misaligned eyes include crossed eyes, plus eyes that point outward, upward or downward. Remedies exist for strabismus.

Stye
The best way to get rid of that unpleasant little bump — fast!

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Sudden redness in the white of your eye may be a subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Uveitis
Painful inflammation of the uvea causes light sensitivity, floaters and blurred vision.

CMV Retinitis
About 80 percent of adults have been exposed to the cytomegalovirus (CMV), but it mostly affects people with poor immune systems, such as AIDS patients.

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
What you can do about redness, swelling, itching and tearing of pink eye. Also read about pink eye treatment and the various conjunctivitis types.

Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetes causes sight-threatening retinal degradation. Also read our Eye Doctor Q&A on how diabetes affects your eyes and our diabetic retinopathy FAQ. And read the latest diabetic retinopathy news.

Eye Herpes
Ocular herpes is a recurrent viral infection that may lead to serious vision loss. Read how herpes of the eye is transmitted and treated.

Glaucoma
Glaucoma results in a damaged optic nerve and diminishing field of vision. Learn about narrow-angle glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma and glaucoma surgery.
See also: Eye Doctor Q&A | Glaucoma News & Research | Glaucoma FAQ

Keratoconus
Special contact lenses can help. Also read our Eye Doctor Q&A on keratoconus. And read about Intacs for keratoconus.

Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Our seven-page section covers this age-related, sight-threatening disease, plus FDA-approved macular degeneration treatments, investigational treatments, macular degeneration prevention and the Lucentis vs. Avastin treatment debate.
See also: News | Eye Doctor Q&A | FAQ

Ocular Hypertension
High eye pressure has no symptoms, but it is easily detected in an eye exam. Take care of it before it develops into glaucoma.

Retinitis Pigmentosa
Poor night vision and a narrowing field of vision beginning in childhood herald this rare disorder. Can vitamin A help? Also read the Eye Doctor Q&A on retinal problems.

Stargardt's Disease (STGD)
Children and young people can develop Stargardt's disease, often leading to central vision loss.

Cataract Surgery
It's the most common non-elective surgery in the United States. Learn about options for intraocular lenses (IOLs), including mixing multifocal IOLs to maximize both near and distance vision.
See also: Cataract Surgery Cost | Choosing a Cataract Surgeon | Cataract Surgery Complications | Multifocal IOLs FAQ | Cataract Surgeon's Personal Experience

Cornea Transplant
Eye injuries and diseases like keratoconus may require a cornea transplant, using healthy tissue from an eye donor.

Glaucoma Surgery
New options for controlling glaucoma with surgery.

Intacs for Keratoconus
These tiny corneal inserts often work when glasses and contacts don't.

Strabismus Surgery
These procedures adjust eye muscles to straighten misaligned eyes. Also, read an Eye Doctor Q&A about what to expect.

NEW: Vitrectomy & Vitreoretinal Procedures
These delicate surgical procedures for macular holes, retinal detachments and other conditions are performed in the eye's deep interior.

Astigmatism
Don't despair: distorted vision is usually correctable with eyeglasses, contacts or surgery. Also see the Eye Doctor Q&A on astigmatism.

Double Vision (Diplopia)
Many conditions cause double vision, including stroke and cataracts. What to do.

Higher-Order Aberrations (HOAs)
Higher-order aberrations are vision errors causing poor night vision or double images.

Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Farsighted people can have poor near vision or blurred vision at all distances.

Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Nearsighted people can see fine up close, but distant objects are a blur.

Presbyopia
Presbyopia means difficulty seeing close up for people 40 and older.

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